Encyclopedia Of Hydrocarbons Eni Pdf Files
Phosgene is a widely used chemical intermediate, primarily manufactured in the preparation of many organic chemicals. Phosgene is used for the synthesis of isocyanate-based polymers, carbonic acid esters, and acid chlorides. It is also used in the manufacture of dyestuffs, some insecticides, and pharmaceuticals and in metallurgy.
From today's featured articleIn the 1950 United States Senate election in California, RepublicanRichard Nixon(pictured) defeated DemocratHelen Gahagan Douglas in a campaign characterized by accusations and name-calling. Democratic incumbentSheridan Downey withdrew during the primary election campaign, after which publisher Manchester Boddy joined the race; both attacked Douglas as a leftist. Nixon and Douglas won the primaries, and at the time of the Red Scare, tried to paint each other as sympathetic to communism; Nixon had more success doing so. Democrats were slow to rally to Douglas, and some even endorsed Nixon, who defeated Douglas by almost 20 percentage points in the November 7 election. Though Nixon was later criticized for his tactics in the campaign, he defended his actions and stated that Douglas was too far to the left for California's voters. The campaign gave rise to two lasting political nicknames, 'the Pink Lady' for Douglas and 'Tricky Dick' for Nixon. (Full article..) Recently featured: Did you know..
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Encyclopedia Of Hydrocarbons Eni Pdf Files 2016
Mammillaria spinosissima, also known as the spiny pincushion cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, endemic to the central Mexican states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately 1,600 to 1,900 metres (5,200 to 6,200 ft). The species was described in 1838 by James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford. Botanist David Hunt collected a specimen in 1971, when he located one near Sierra de Tepoztlan, Mexico. The cylindrical and elongated plants grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) tall and 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 in) long. It grows low to the ground in solitary or in clusters, and its flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy. This picture shows an M. spinosissima cactus of the 'rubrispina' ('Super Red') variety. Photograph credit: Rationalobserver Recently featured: |
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A hydrocarbon is a type of chemical compound. It is made of only hydrogen and carbonatoms.They can be found in crude oil and are separated by fractional distillation (which means they are separated into different groups). The hydrogen and carbon are bonded with non-polar covalent bonds. Because of its lack of polar covalent bonds, hydrocarbons cannot create hydrogen bonds with water and are hydrophobic.
- 1Hydrocarbon 'families'
Hydrocarbon 'families'[changechange source]
Hydrocarbons are grouped into 'families' or 'homologous series'. There are five main families. The hydrocarbons in each family have a general formula and similar chemical properties, and similar trends in physical properties. This system was approved in 1892 by the International Congress of Chemists, meeting in Geneva.
Alkanes[changechange source]
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons. Their general formula is CnH2n+2.
| Alkane Name | Formula |
|---|---|
| Methane | CH4 |
| Ethane | C2H6 |
| Propane | C3H8 |
| Butane | C4H10 |
| Pentane | C5H12 |
| Hexane | C6H14 |
| Heptane | C7H16 |
| Octane | C8H18 |
| Nonane | C9H20 |
| Decane | C10H22 |
Alkenes[changechange source]
Alkenes are similar to alkanes. The main difference between them is that alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond. The general formula for the alkenes is CnH2n.
| Alkene Name | Formula |
|---|---|
| Ethene | C2H4 |
| Propene | C3H6 |
| Butene | C4H8 |
| Pentene | C5H10 |
| Hexene | C6H12 |
| Heptene | C7H14 |
| Octene | C8H16 |
| Nonene | C9H18 |
| Decene | C10H20 |
Note that there is no 'Methene'. Methene is not possible as alkenes require a carbon-carbon double bond and methane only has one carbon atom.
Alkynes[changechange source]
Alkynes have a carbon to carbon triple bond. CnH2n-2 is their general formula.
| Alkyne Name | Formula |
|---|---|
| Ethyne (Acetylene) | C2H2 |
| Propyne | C3H4 |
| Butyne | C4H6 |
| Pentyne | C5H8 |
| Hexyne | C6H10 |
| Heptyne | C7H12 |
| Octyne | C8H14 |
| Nonyne | C9H16 |
| Decyne | C10H18 |
'Methyne' does not exist because of methane's one carbon atom.
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Cycloalkanes[changechange source]
Cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. They have the same general formula (CnH2n), the only difference is that they do not have a carbon to carbon double bond.
| Cycloalkane Name | Formula |
|---|---|
| Cyclopropane | C3H6 |
| Cyclobutane | C4H8 |
| Cyclopentane | C5H10 |
| Cyclohexane | C6H12 |
| Cycloheptane | C7H14 |
| Cycloctane | C8H16 |
| Cyclononane | C9H18 |
| Cyclodecane | C10H20 |
Note that the alkene Ethene does not have a cycloalkane as it can only form a straight line.
Alkadiene[changechange source]
Alkadienes have two carbon to carbon double bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. They are isomers of Alkynes.
In a similar manner, there can also exist alkatriene (three carbon to carbon bonds) and other forms. The versatile nature of Carbon's chemistry allows for a nearly infinite number of configurations and compounds.
Aromatic hydrocarbons[changechange source]
Encyclopedia Of Hydrocarbons Eni Pdf Files 2017
Aromatic hydrocarbons are aromatic organic molecules that form flat ring-shaped bonds. The most simplest of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and indole. They can have one ring, heterocyclic, like benzene or 2 rings, bicyclic like napthalene (primary ingredient in mothballs) or many rings, polycyclic like anthracene (red dye colourant).Their general formula is CnH2n-6, where n is a number greater than or equal to 6.